Publications
A collection of publications written by Atkinson Centre team members, in addition to important articles, documents and reports related to early learning and child care.
Job Posting - Policy Researcher (closes Febraury 6, 2025)
Position: Policy Researcher
Employer: Atkinson Centre for Society and Child Development, University of Toronto
Deadline: February 6, 2025
Email Madelaine Panoulias <oise.hr@utoronto.ca> to apply.
Employer: Atkinson Centre for Society and Child Development, University of Toronto
Deadline: February 6, 2025
Email Madelaine Panoulias <oise.hr@utoronto.ca> to apply.
Excerpt: "Low wages deter new graduates from entering the child-care field and drive away those already employed. Of the 4,200 early childhood educators that Ontario colleges graduate annually, fewer than 60 per cent enter licensed child care, and only 40 per cent remain after five years. Small wonder for the exodus. One in five child-care staff responding to our survey told us they hold a second job to make ends meet. Over 55 per cent of couple families, and 83 per cent of lone parent families, are concerned about their housing."
Legislated qualifications of child care centre supervisors, ECE qualified, and non-ECE qualified staff
Description: A comprehensive collection of Canada-wide legislated qualifications of child care centre supervisors, ECE qualified, and non-ECE qualified staff.
RÉDUIRE LES EXIGENCES_Comment la réduction des qualifications des éducateurs de la petite enfance menace la qualité des services de garde
Excerpt: "La penurie d'educateurs de la petite enfance (EPE) qualifies a freine les efforts d'expansion des places dans le cadre du systeme pancanadien d'apprentissage de la petite enfance et de garde des jeunes enfants (système d'AGJE). Cette pénurie d'educateurs a incite certains decideurs politiques de l'Ontario a chercher des raccourcis, notamment a remettre en question la necessite d'un diplôme de deux ans pour être admissible comme educateur de la petite enfance. La reduction des qualifications des éducateurs ou d'autres stratégies de déqualification, comme l'augmentation des ratios, ne sont pas des solutions."
Lowering the Bar: How Reducing Early Childhood Educator Qualifications Threatens Child Care Quality
Excerpt: "The shortage of qualified early childhood educators (ECEs) has stifled space expansion efforts under the Canada-Wide Early Learning and Child Care (CWELCC) plan. This scarcity of educators has caused some Ontario policymakers to look for shortcuts, including questioning the need for a two-year diploma to qualify as an ECE. Reducing educator qualifications or other de-qualification strategies, such as increasing ratios, are not solutions. ECEs are critical to positive child and family outcomes and are the foundation of a high-quality early learning and child care system."
Excerpt: "The world is witnessing some of the highest levels of conflict in decades, with more than 110 armed conflicts occurring across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Latin America and Europe. The impact of these wars on children is vast and multifaceted. The trauma inflicted is enduring and will shape the rest of their lives — and by extension, the societies in which they, and we live. As researchers who study how public policies can intervene to reduce adverse outcomes for children, we contend that wars are not bound by geography. Airstrikes terrorize children in conflict zones, while those living in the nations involved in these conflicts also experience trauma in the form of poverty, neglect, and discrimination."
Vison-Based Child Care Service Planning
Dr. Petr Varmuza
Excerpt: "Ontario’s first “Service Plan for Child Care Services” (1992) came into existence as a negotiated response to successive provincial governments’ dislike of Toronto’s long-standing effort to move beyond the administration of the child care subsidy system and equitably manage the provision of services across, what was then, Metropolitan Toronto. Additionally, the provision of municipally operated child care centres was a special target, as it is now, regardless the important function they played in the most disadvantaged communities.
Since then, service plans became a provincially mandated documents usually produced on a five-year cycle consisting of listening to the service providers and soliciting public input primarily from parents searching for child care or child care subsidy. Rarely there is a formal, public review of the accomplishments since the approval of the previous plan, including the full range of successes and failures. Once approved by the municipal authority, they often undergo minimum public scrutiny, ongoing evaluation and review."
Excerpt: "Ontario’s first “Service Plan for Child Care Services” (1992) came into existence as a negotiated response to successive provincial governments’ dislike of Toronto’s long-standing effort to move beyond the administration of the child care subsidy system and equitably manage the provision of services across, what was then, Metropolitan Toronto. Additionally, the provision of municipally operated child care centres was a special target, as it is now, regardless the important function they played in the most disadvantaged communities.
Since then, service plans became a provincially mandated documents usually produced on a five-year cycle consisting of listening to the service providers and soliciting public input primarily from parents searching for child care or child care subsidy. Rarely there is a formal, public review of the accomplishments since the approval of the previous plan, including the full range of successes and failures. Once approved by the municipal authority, they often undergo minimum public scrutiny, ongoing evaluation and review."
Getting it right from the start
Submission to the Government of Canada's Guide on Building a Canada-Wide Early Learning and Child Care System, August 2024
The Atkinson Centre urges the Government of Canada to ‘get it right from the start’ by enforcing the principles governing the building of the Canada-Wide Early Learning and Child Child system. Profit has no place in child care. Quality does.
The Atkinson Centre urges the Government of Canada to ‘get it right from the start’ by enforcing the principles governing the building of the Canada-Wide Early Learning and Child Child system. Profit has no place in child care. Quality does.
This is the 5th edition of the Early Childhood Education Report (ECER). Established in 2011, the report is released every three years to evaluate provincial/territorial early years services against a 15-point scale. Results are populated from detailed profiles of each province and territory. The ECER scale is organized around 5 categories with 21 benchmarks forming a common set of minimum criteria contributing to the delivery of quality programming. This report captures changes to early years services from March 2020 to March 2023. As such, it is able to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on service provision, as well as the funding and requirements of the Canada-Wide Early Learning and Child Care Agreements (CWELCC) at the half-way mark.
Earnings of ECEs across Canada compared to poverty thresholds in urban and rural regions (Full Version Chart)
Updated: February 2025
The full version of this chart presents a comprehensive comparison of Early Childhood Educator (ECE) earnings across Canada, measured against the Market Basket Measure (MBM), a benchmark used by Statistics Canada to define poverty thresholds, also known as the living wage. The data highlights substantial wage disparities, with ECE salaries often falling below the living wage in most jurisdictions and, in some cases, barely exceeding it.
- Threshold Comparison: In many provinces and territories, ECE earnings sit just above or dangerously close to the living wage line, illustrating the financial instability faced by much of the workforce.
- Living Wage Gap: Only a few jurisdictions—typically those with stronger wage policies—see ECE salaries meeting or exceeding the local living wage. In most regions, ECEs earn wages that make it difficult to afford necessities despite their essential role in early childhood education.
- Regional Variations: Provinces and territories with higher government investment in child care and workforce compensation show smaller wage gaps, while others lag, exacerbating challenges related to recruitment and retention in the sector.
This data reinforces the urgent need for increased public investment, and stronger workforce policies to ensure fair compensation for ECEs and enhance workforce stability.
NOTE: This chart uses the Market Basket Measure (MBM) as a benchmark for poverty thresholds, which is synonymous with the living wage in this context. However, there are multiple ways to define and calculate a living wage based on regional and methodological differences. Information about the MBM can be found here: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/Definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop165
The full version of this chart presents a comprehensive comparison of Early Childhood Educator (ECE) earnings across Canada, measured against the Market Basket Measure (MBM), a benchmark used by Statistics Canada to define poverty thresholds, also known as the living wage. The data highlights substantial wage disparities, with ECE salaries often falling below the living wage in most jurisdictions and, in some cases, barely exceeding it.
- Threshold Comparison: In many provinces and territories, ECE earnings sit just above or dangerously close to the living wage line, illustrating the financial instability faced by much of the workforce.
- Living Wage Gap: Only a few jurisdictions—typically those with stronger wage policies—see ECE salaries meeting or exceeding the local living wage. In most regions, ECEs earn wages that make it difficult to afford necessities despite their essential role in early childhood education.
- Regional Variations: Provinces and territories with higher government investment in child care and workforce compensation show smaller wage gaps, while others lag, exacerbating challenges related to recruitment and retention in the sector.
This data reinforces the urgent need for increased public investment, and stronger workforce policies to ensure fair compensation for ECEs and enhance workforce stability.
NOTE: This chart uses the Market Basket Measure (MBM) as a benchmark for poverty thresholds, which is synonymous with the living wage in this context. However, there are multiple ways to define and calculate a living wage based on regional and methodological differences. Information about the MBM can be found here: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/Definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop165
Posted on The Conversation.
Excerpt: "Child care delivered by schools has many advantages. Schools are publicly owned, eliminating the need for costly land and facility acquisition. Operating and oversight mechanisms are already in place. Consolidating learning and care for children of all ages in one neighbourhood location reduces its carbon footprint. Parents are spared the hassle of multiple trips between school and child care. Additionally, research finds publicly funded early childhood programs delivered by schools score high in quality."
Excerpt: "Child care delivered by schools has many advantages. Schools are publicly owned, eliminating the need for costly land and facility acquisition. Operating and oversight mechanisms are already in place. Consolidating learning and care for children of all ages in one neighbourhood location reduces its carbon footprint. Parents are spared the hassle of multiple trips between school and child care. Additionally, research finds publicly funded early childhood programs delivered by schools score high in quality."
